cgroups:

Cgroups是control groups的缩写，是Linux内核提供的一种可以限制、记录、隔离进程组（process
groups）所使用的物理资源（如：cpu,memory,IO等等）的机制。最初由google的工程师提出，后来被整合进Linux内核。Cgroups也是LXC为实现虚拟化所使用的资源管理手段，可以说没有cgroups就没有LXC。

Cgroups最初的目标是为资源管理提供的一个统一的框架，既整合现有的cpuset等子系统，也为未来开发新的子系统提供接口。现在的cgroups适用于多种应用场景，从单个进程的资源控制，到实现操作系统层次的虚拟化（OS Level Virtualization）。Cgroups提供了以下功能：

1.限制进程组可以使用的资源数量（Resource limiting ）。比如：memory子系统可以为进程组设定一个memory使用上限，一旦进程组使用的内存达到限额再申请内存，就会触发OOM（out of memory）。

2.进程组的优先级控制（Prioritization ）。比如：可以使用cpu子系统为某个进程组分配特定cpu share。

3.记录进程组使用的资源数量（Accounting ）。比如：可以使用cpuacct子系统记录某个进程组使用的cpu时间

4.进程组隔离（Isolation）。比如：使用ns子系统可以使不同的进程组使用不同的namespace，以达到隔离的目的，不同的进程组有各自的进程、网络、文件系统挂载空间。

5.进程组控制（Control）。比如：使用freezer子系统可以将进程组挂起和恢复。

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Restricting process CPU usage using nice, cpulimit, and cgroups (译)

The Linux kernel is an incredible circus performer, carefully juggling many processes and their resource needs to keep your server humming along. The kernel is also all about equity: when there is competition for resources, the kernel tries to distribute those
resources fairly.

However, what if you've got an important process that needs priority? What about a low-priority process? Or what about limiting resources for a group of a processes?

The kernel can't determine what CPU processes are important without your help.

Most processes are started at the same priority level and the Linux kernel schedules time for each task evenly on the processor. Have a CPU intensive process that can be run at a lower priority? Then you need to tell the scheduler about it!

There are at least three ways in which you can control how much CPU time a process gets:

• Use the nice command to manually lower the task's priority.
• Use the cpulimit command to repeatedly pause the process so that it doesn’t exceed a certain limit.
• Use Linux’s built-in control groups, a mechanism which tells the scheduler to limit the amount of resources available to the process.

Let's look at how these work and the pros and cons of each.

Simulating high CPU usage

Before looking at these three techniques, we need to find a tool that will simulate high CPU usage on a system. We will be using CentOS as our base system, and to artificially load the processor we can use the prime number generator from theMathomatic
toolkit.

There isn’t a prebuilt package for CentOS so you will need to build it yourself. Download the source code from http://mathomatic.orgserve.de/mathomatic-16.0.5.tar.bz2 and then unpack the archive file. Change directory intomathomatic-16.0.5/primes.
Run make and sudo make install to build and install the binaries. You will now have the matho-primes binary
in/usr/local/bin.

Run the command like this:

/usr/local/bin/matho-primes 0 9999999999 > /dev/null &

This will generate a list of prime numbers from zero to nine billion nine hundred ninety-nine million nine hundred ninety-nine thousand nine hundred ninety-nine. Since we don’t really want to keep the list, the output is redirected to /dev/null.

Now run top and you will see that the matho-primes process is using all the available CPU.

Exit top (press the q key) and kill the matho-primes process (fg to bring the process to the foreground and press CTRL+C).

nice

The nice command tweaks the priority level of a process so that it runs less frequently. This is useful when you need to run a CPU intensive task as a background or batch
job. The niceness level ranges from -20 (most favorable scheduling) to 19 (least favorable). Processes on Linux are started with a niceness of 0 by default. The nice command (without any additional parameters) will start a process with a niceness of
10. At that level the scheduler will see it as a lower priority task and give it less CPU resources.

Start two matho-primes tasks, one with nice and one without:

nice matho-primes 0 9999999999 > /dev/null &
matho-primes 0 9999999999 > /dev/null &

Now run top.

Observe that the process started without nice (at niceness level 0) gets more processor time, whereas the process with a niceness level of 10 gets less.

What this means in real terms is that if you want to run a CPU intensive task you can start it using nice and the scheduler will always ensure that other tasks have priority over it. This means that the server (or desktop) will remain responsive even when under
heavy load.

Nice has an associated command called renice. It changes the niceness level of an already running process. To use it, find out the PID of process hogging all the CPU time (using ps) and then run renice:

renice +10 1234

Where 1234 is the PID.

Don’t forget to kill the matho-primes processes once you have finished experimenting with the nice and renice commands.

cpulimit

The cpulimit tool curbs the CPU usage of a process by pausing the process at different intervals to keep it under the defined ceiling. It does this by sending SIGSTOP and SIGCONT signals to the process.
It does not change the nice value of the process, instead it monitors and controls the real-world CPU usage.

cpulimit is useful when you want to ensure that a process doesn't use more than a certain portion of the CPU. The disadvantage over nice is
that the process can't use all of the available CPU time when the system is idle.

To install it on CentOS type:

wget -O cpulimit.zip https://github.com/opsengine/cpulimit/archive/master.zip
unzip cpulimit.zip
cd cpulimit-master
make
sudo cp src/cpulimit /usr/bin

The commands above will download the source code from GitHub, unpack the archive file, build the binary, and copy it to /usr/bin.

cpulimit is used in a similar way to nice, however you need to explicitly define the maximum CPU limit for the process using the ‘-l’ parameter.
For example:

cpulimit -l 50 matho-primes 0 9999999999 > /dev/null &

Note how the matho-primes process is now only using 50% of the available CPU time. On my example system the rest of the time is spent in idle.

You can also limit a currently running process by specifying its PID using the ‘-p’ parameter. For example

cpulimit -l 50 -p 1234

Where 1234 is the PID of the process.

cgroups

Control groups (cgroups) are a Linux kernel feature that allows you to specify how the kernel should allocate specific resources to a group of processes. With cgroups you can specify how much CPU time, system memory, network bandwidth, or combinations of these
resources can be used by the processes residing in a certain group.

The advantage of control groups over nice or cpulimit is that the limits
are applied to a set of processes, rather than to just one. Also,nice or cpulimit only limit the CPU usage of a process, whereas cgroups
can limit other process resources.

By judiciously using cgroups the resources of entire subsystems of a server can be controlled. For example in CoreOS, the minimal Linux distribution designed for massive server deployments, the upgrade processes are controlled by a cgroup. This means the downloading
and installing of system updates doesn’t affect system performance.

To demonstrate cgroups, we will create two groups with different CPU resources allocated to each group. The groups will be called ‘cpulimited’ and ‘lesscpulimited’.

The groups are created with the cgcreate command like this:

sudo cgcreate -g cpu:/cpulimited
sudo cgcreate -g cpu:/lesscpulimited

The “-g cpu” part of the command tell cgroups that the groups can place limits on the amount of CPU resources given to the processes in the group. Other contollers include cpuset, memory,
and blkio. The cpuset controller is related to the cpu controller in that it allows the processes in a group to be bound to a specific CPU, or set of cores in a CPU.

The cpu controller has a property known as cpu.shares. It is used by the kernel to determine the share of CPU resources available to each process across the cgroups. The default value is 1024. By leaving one group (lesscpulimited) at the default of 1024 and
setting the other (cpulimited) to 512, we are telling the kernel to split the CPU resources using a 2:1 ratio.

To set the cpu.shares to 512 in the cpulimited group, type:

sudo cgset -r cpu.shares=512 cpulimited

To start a task in a particular cgroup you can use the cgexec command. To test the two cgroups, start matho-primes in the cpulimited group, like this:

sudo cgexec -g cpu:cpulimited /usr/local/bin/matho-primes 0 9999999999 > /dev/null &

If you run top you will see that the process is taking all of the available CPU time.

This is because when a single process is running, it uses as much CPU as necessary, regardless of which cgroup it is placed in. The CPU limitation only comes into effect when two or more processes compete for CPU resources.

Now start a second matho-primes process, this time in the lesscpulimited group:

sudo cgexec -g cpu:lesscpulimited /usr/local/bin/matho-primes 0 9999999999 > /dev/null &

The top command shows us that the process in the cgroup with the greater cpu.shares value is getting more CPU time.

Now start another matho-primes process in the cpulimited group:

sudo cgexec -g cpu:cpulimited /usr/local/bin/matho-primes 0 9999999999 > /dev/null &

Observe how the CPU is still being proportioned in a 2:1 ratio. Now the two matho-primes tasks in the cpulimited group are sharing the CPU equally, while the process in the other group still gets more
processor time.

You can read
the full control groups documentation from Red Hat (which applies equally to CentOS 7).

Monitoring process CPU usage with Scout

What's the easiest way to monitor process CPU usage? Scout automatically tracks track process CPU + memory usage when our monitoring agent is
installed on your servers.

You can then create triggers to alert you when processes exceed specific CPU + memory usage thresholds.

Signup for a free trial of Scout to try process CPU monitoring.

TL;DR

The finite resources of any server or desktop are a valuable commodity. The tools described above help you manage those resources, especially the CPU resource:

• nice is a great tool for 'one off' tweaks to a system.
• cpulimit is useful when you need to run a CPU intensive job and having free CPU time is essential for the responsiveness of a system.
• cgroups are the Swiss army knife of process limiting and offer the greatest flexibility.